In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is mainly due to the not enough oxygen in Nb2O5, applied like a Uncooked substance First melt (Czochralski process) [186]. Accordingly, based upon its creation technological know-how, niobium pentoxide can undertake an array of compositions Nb2O5−x. So, https://zanderqwxyz.onesmablog.com/top-lithium-niobate-crystal-secrets-73055043